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What Are Sedimentary Rocks? Sedimentary rocks are formed by the accumulation of sediments. There are three basic types of sedimentary rocks. Clastic sedimentary rocks form from the accumulation and lithification of mechanical weathering debris. Examples include: breccia, conglomerate, sandstone, siltstone, and shale. Chemical sedimentary …
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Shale is a soft, brittle, fine-grained, and easily eroded sedimentary rock formed from mineral-rich silt, or mud, that was deposited in an aquatic environment, buried by other sediment, and compacted and cemented into hard rock. When exposed at the surface by erosion, shale weathers into thin layers called plates.
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The Silurian organic rich shale is the main source of hydrocarbons in the Ghadames Basin in North Africa. The basin has been widely characterized as a source rock for Ordovician oil and gas; yet ...
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Dolerite sills so distinctive of the Karoo scenery in South Africa. Grant Cawthorn. Dolerite dyke cutting across layers of sedimentary rocks. Grant Cawthorn. Shale gas. Copper. Nickel. Karoo ...
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Shale samples and preparation. The Lower Silurian Longmaxi formation shale is widely distributed in the Sichuan Basin, China. It is deposited in deep-water shelves rich in organic matter (Chen et al. 2011).The shale cores used in this research were drilled from the Lower Silurian Longmaxi formation of southern Sichuan province with …
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Carbonaceous shale is more topical than ever before due to the associated unconventional resources of methane. The use of FTIR, SEM-EDX, and mineralogical analyses has demonstrated a promising approach to assess methanogenesis potentials in a more rapid and reliable manner for preliminary prospecting. Representative core …
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2.1 Artificial Core Production 2.1.1 Material Selection. To study the effects of the ratio of brittle and clay mineral particle sizes on shale porosity and permeability, the shale mineral particle size must be on the order of a micrometer, as in the Longmaxi Formation shale (Li et al. 2016a; Zhu et al. 2018).The quartz powders and smectite …
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Surface properties of shale play an essential role in adsorption, transport, and production of hydrocarbons from shale reservoirs. Nanoscale surface properties of kerogen and minerals of shale were examined by a series of techniques including X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray photoelectron …
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copper, cobalt and gems, and Western Africa for its iron ore, bauxite, uranium and gold. Nigeria is Africa's most populous nation, and its economy is nominally the largest, slightly ahead of ...
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The vitrinite reflectance (%R 0) value of the Marcellus Shale (AS-2, AS-3) in Indiana county is 1.3 to over 2.0, indicating a high thermal maturity, and the total organic carbon (TOC) content ranging from 1.5 to 6.2 wt%. 69 The black shale from Illinois Energy has a %R 0 as 0.71 which indicates a fairly low maturation, and the TOC is 21.4 wt ...
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This is the result of clay minerals accounting for a large proportion for the unique shale reservoirs. Sun et al. 22 used molecular simulation method to study and compare the adsorption state of ...
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recent focus of shale gas exploration ( Cole, Robey. et al. 2011; Decker and Marot 2012). The basin. covers over 50% of the country ( 700 000 km, Figure 1) and could provide significant shale gas ...
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.the list of minerals that are exempt from import restric-This is another paper in our Mineral Review Series. t Retired. Formerly Assistant Director: Ore-dressing Division, Council for Mineral Technology (Mintek), Private Bag X3015, Randburg, 2125 Transvaal. @ The South African Institute of Mining and Metallurgy, 1989. SA ISSN 0038-223X/3.00 ...
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The west-central African rift system (WCARS) in which the study sites (Fig. 1), the Mamfe basin belongs is linked to the lower Benue trough (Eyong et al., 2013).The opening of the South Atlantic Ocean and the breaking of the southern supercontinent leading to the separation of South America and Africa plates are the origins of the …
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Black shales have been of increasing interest in recent years due to their oil and gas potential, but also because many are enriched in nonfuel "unconventional" critical elements such as cobalt, chromium, molybdenum, nickel, platinum group elements, rhenium, and vanadium. Critical metals residing in shales presented a challenge to …
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Permian black shales from the lower Ecca Group of the southern main Karoo Basin (MKB) have a total organic carbon (TOC) of up to ~5 wt% and have been …
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The Ecca Group is the main target of shale-gas exploration in South Africa and diagenetic research is the pre-requisite for the feasibility studies of the exploration. ... South Africa. Mineral compositions of the shales, mudstones, and sandstones were determined by X-ray diffraction (XRD) at the Council for Geoscience laboratory in …
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1. Introduction. Shale gas displays signs of future potential to ease the energy crisis and climate change challenges. Regarding the energy sector, the shale gas revolution contributes to a 50% increase in global energy demand [] and translated to about 23% of the United States' energy consumption.Unlike the conventional hydrocarbon …
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The Karoo Basin of South Africa ( Fig. 1) is another prime example and one where shale gas development is underway, as it may contain up to 390 trillion cubic feet (the equivalent of 11 trillion ...
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Because of the difference in Young's modulus among minerals, the metasomatism of feldspar by calcite, quartz, and clay minerals alters the micromechanical properties of shale. Our study reveals that mineral crystal structure characteristics, diagenesis, and organic petrological factors control the mechanical properties of shale …
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Following long delays, South Africa's Department of Mineral Resources published its long-awaited regulations for shale gas exploration in the Government Gazette in June 2015. The government had declared a moratorium on exploration in 2011 only to rescind it in the following year because of concerns about missing out on economic …
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The average shale comprises 59 per cent. clay minerals, 20 per cent. quartz and chert, 8 per cent. felspars, 7 per cent. carbonates, 3 per cent. iron oxide minerals, 1 per cent. organic matter and 2 per cent. other minerals. Illite predominates among the clay minerals. Type.
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O'Brien & Chenevert illustrated the utility of their classification by quantitatively analysing the clay mineral composition of specific North American shales which had recognizable problem characteristics ().Thus, the clay mineralogy of the Anhuac Shale (Class 1) is dominated by smectite (40%), forms a so-called "gumbo" clay when drilled and gives rise …
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Both SEM and petrographic microscopy were carried out at the University of Fort Hare, South Africa. Mineral compositions of the shales, mudstones, and sandstones were determined by X-ray …
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The shale gas reserve of the Ecca Group has been estimated to be between 13Tcf to 485Tcf covering an area of about 155, 000 km2. However, these estimates do not take into account the thermal ...
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Although evaluation of the Madzaringwe shale gas potential is in progress in South Africa, the Permian Whitehill Formation (South Africa) has a technically recoverable shale gas resource of 13–23 trillion …
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These studies indicated that enrichment of carbonate minerals in marine shale can lead to the manifestation of the REY features of the carbonate fraction in the whole-rock REY pattern. ... transvaal supergroup, South Africa. Precambrian Res., 79 (1) (1996), pp. 37-55, 10.1016/0301-9268(95)00087-9. View PDF View article View in …
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The elevated attention in respect to mineral processing in the past couple of decades has principally been focused on four black shale deposits: (i) Kupferschiefer Cu-Ag ore (Poland and Germany) (Borg et al., 2012), (ii) Ni-Mo-PGE polymetallic ore in Guizhou province and its extension in other districts (China) (T. Han et al., 2014), and (iii) …
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The bulk minerals are shown to form the Esna Shale Formation according to the XRD patterns of the selected samples that the phyllosilicates and calcite are the …
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